TNF and influenza: Generally, vaccinia viral vectors (e.g., MVA) and chitosan adjuvants induced robust T-cell responses, including induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-2, Il-17, etc., which have been implicated in limiting a plethora of viral infections such as herpes simplex virus-1 and 2, West Nile virus, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus,, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and influenza [6,46,47,48,49,50,51].