The use of reporter gene assays of the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor in hormone-dependent prostate cancer cells and the electrophile/antioxidant response element (EpRE/ARE) transcription system enabled the observation of combinations of several carotenoids (e.g., lycopene, phytoene, and phytofluene) to synergistically inhibit the androgen receptor activity and activate the EpRE/ARE system and suggested their use in the therapy and prevention of this type of cancer [97]. Here, AR is linked to cancer.