In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and mouse models, researchers identified the Wnt binding domain on glypican-3 as being a phenylalanine 41 residue in the hydrophobic groove in the N-lobe and both the core protein and HS chains can activate Wnt-β-catenin signalling [104]. This evidence concerns the gene GPC3 and hepatocellular carcinoma.