INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: As expected, β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) concentrations were not different at Time 1 between participants with T1D and ND participants, but they significantly increased at Time 2 (following insulin deprivation) in participants with T1D but not in ND participants, rendering BOHB to be higher in the T1D group than the ND group (P < 0.001) (Table 1).