NOD2 and Salmonella Infections: The activated autophagy of epithelial cells, depending on NOD2 and Atg16L1 expression, increased the killing of Salmonella. 19Additionally, our previous study2 demonstrated the effect of the differential regulation of 1,25D3 on Salmonella‐induced IL‐8 and hBD‐2 expression in IECs via PI3K/Akt signal and NOD2 protein expression, respectively, and active vitamin D increased the autophagic clearance of Salmonella infection while suppressing IL‐1‐beta mRNA expression via VDR and Atg16L1 protein response.