Interestingly, systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ and interleukin-6 have been found to be elevated in both healthy African-American women and those affected with breast cancer as compared to European-American women, suggesting ancestry-inferred differences in the immune response that might affect antitumor immunity and ultimately breast cancer clinical outcome43,44. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is breast carcinoma.