TKT and prostate carcinoma: In 2006, a phase I/II clinical trial was conducted with an Ad-TK vector under the control of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter (Ad-RSV-TK) to treat prostate cancer (NCT01913106).88 Another phase I/II trial used an Ad vector to express TK with the bone-specific osteocalcin promoter to treat patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer exhibiting metastasis to the bone.89