Further, upon viral infection, cIAP1/2 ubiquitinate TRAF3/6 which is an essential factor for NF-κB deregulation, while attenuation of cIAP1/2 impedes an antiviral response via inhibition of the virus-triggered activation of NF-κB, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and interferon-beta (IFN-β) induction [31]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to viral infectious disease.