However, simultaneous increase of expression of the anti-inflammatory genes after radiation exposure, even in the terminally-differentiated MDMs that were initially polarized to anti-inflammatory phenotype by treatment with M-CSF, indicates involvement of additional molecular factors and pathways, related to IR, which in combination might contribute to development of a tumor-associated phenotype, at least in a fraction of the macrophage population. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and neoplasm.