While the use of adrenergic receptor agonists on both human and murine immune cells leads to decreased production of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ) and increased migration (149, 152), there is limited information on how SNS signals affect either BM immune cells or HSPCs during inflammatory stress and obesity. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.