Zhang et al. (64) described a mild upregulation (1.4 ×) of RANTES in macrophages upon infection of virulent ASFV at an early stage (4 h post infection), whereas the same group also reported that at late stage, the mRNA levels of RANTES remained stable following infections with either attenuated or virulent ASFV (65). This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and infection.