Thus, several in vitro studies involved the comparison of cytokine response of macrophage upon infection of ASFV with different virulence and found that low-virulent ASFV NH/P68 induced increased transcription of IFN-α, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12 in comparison with the virulent ASFV L60 (34, 35) and that low virulence ASFV OURT88/3 or avirulent BA71V induced higher expression of IFN-β, IL-18, IL-1β, IL-1α, CCL4, IL-8, and IP-10 compared to the virulent ASFV Benin 97/1 or 22653/14 (36, 37). Here, TNF is linked to infection.