ESR1 and Crohn disease: Restoring CD39 levels and activity by administering exogenous ADPases or interfering with pathways that ultimately inhibit CD39 (i.e., hypoxia/HIF-1α) or do not favor its full upregulation (i.e., increase in Erα levels) represent innovative strategies to treat chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions like Crohn's disease and AIH.