Restoring CD39 levels and activity by administering exogenous ADPases or interfering with pathways that ultimately inhibit CD39 (i.e., hypoxia/HIF-1α) or do not favor its full upregulation (i.e., increase in Erα levels) represent innovative strategies to treat chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions like Crohn's disease and AIH. Here, ENTPD1 is linked to autoimmune hepatitis.