CXCL1 and cancer: For instance, CAFs may sense cancer cell genomic stress through cytoplasmic transcytosis and respond by expressing interferon (IFN)-β1, leading to an increased production of chemokines, cytokines, and other inflammatory factors [CXCL-1 and 10, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), IL-6, and IL-8, among others] (Arwert et al., 2020).