In PDAC, S100 calcium-binding protein A11 (S100A11) secreted by cancer cells activates the surrounding fibroblasts through the S100A11–receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)–tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2)–cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) pathway to promote metastatic progression (Mitsui et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and cancer.