INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: T2D is globally the most common type of diabetes mellitus, and the majority of patients have evidence of “Prediabetes” for many years before meeting the criteria for T2D (30, 31). Prediabetes means impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance and can be reversed back to normal by a number of precautions, diet control, and selective application of drugs for improved insulin sensitivity and reduced glucose production level (21, 32–34).