TNF and schizophrenia: The study of proinflammatory and oxidative markers in patients with schizophrenia revealed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1-β, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-alpha, tumor growth factor-β) and reduced levels of antioxidants (total antioxidant status, catalase, plasma nitrites, and superoxide dismutase) in patients with the first episode of schizophrenia [273].