VEGFA and neoplasm: Alleviation of hypoxia is a prolific end-result of an intact tumor vasculature and there are several methods by which this phenomenon can be detected in tumors, including immunohistochemical staining for intrinsic protein markers of hypoxia, notably CAIX, VEGFA, and HIF-1 (129, 130), as well as the extrinsic molecule pimonidazole (131).