TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Obese mice produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF- α, IL-1 β, IL-6, and PAI-1, in liver and adipose tissue, and obesity is characterized by infiltration and activation of immune cells in liver and adipose tissues (Chawla et al., 2011; Bu et al., 2018).