While we determined Hh as a disease driver in CD40-mediated colitis model, this microbe did not have a direct impact, neither on DC nor on Treg differentiation in the colon LP, as CD103+ DCs and iTregs were similarly reduced in both, Hh-free and Hh-positive DC-LMP1/CD40 animals.24 In contrast, Hh affected CD4+ effector T cell differentiation in the colon, which significantly increased IL-17+IFN-γ+ Th17/Th1 and IFN-γ+ Th1 cells. Here, CD40 is linked to colitis.