TGFB1 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: In studying the regulation of TGF-β on apoptosis and proliferation, EBV-positive NPC cells can resist TGF-β1-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis, while the growth of EBV-negative NPC cell lines is strictly regulated by TGF-β1 [55], among which EBNA1 and LMP2A may play important roles (Fig. 5).