Both high P-PENK0h and high P-NGAL0h were associated with AKI as defined by low urine output according to the KDIGO criteria, whereas only high P-NGAL0h was associated with AKI as defined by an increase in Cystatin C. High P-NGAL0h was also associated with the use of renal replacement therapy, whereas high P-PENK0h was not. This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and acute kidney injury.