IFNG and neoplasm: Despite earlier reports of IFNγ-mediated regulation of Gal-9 expression in human endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells65,66, we found that Gal-9 expression is primarily upregulated by IFNβ in tumor cells, whereas Gal-9 secretion is promoted by the combination of IFNβ and IFNγ.