IFNB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: We further tested the effects of IFNβ and IFNγ in additional human and mouse cell lines established from different cancer types, including HCC, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer, and found that in most cell lines IFNβ consistently and strongly induced Gal-9 expression while IFNγ alone only had a weak or undetectable effect (Fig. 7c–f, Supplementary Fig. 8e–h).