First, GSEA on the immune “Hallmark” gene sets of the RNA-seq data of the TCGA and CheckMate cohorts showed that all 8 “Hallmark” immune gene sets were enriched (GSEA q < 0.25) in S/R compared to non-S/R RCC in the two cohorts independently (Fig. 4a; Supplementary Data 4), including gene sets previously implicated in response to ICI (e.g. interferon gamma response)28,29. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and renal cell carcinoma.