PPARA and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Among the upregulated genes were genes involved in lipid metabolism such as PLIN2, FABP1, CPT1A, and PCK1, which are involved in PPAR signaling, which on one hand has shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease [39], but on the other hand, could have both anti-proliferative and carcinogenic effects [40].