TLR4 and rosacea: This effect was abolished by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting SOCS3.[10] Another study showed that PF provided a remarkable renal protective effect in diabetic mice by suppressing inducible nitric oxide expression and the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 through the TLR4 signaling pathway, which in turn affected macrophage infiltration and activation.[11] However, the effects of PF on rosacea and rosacea-like inflammatory responses have not been scientifically proven.