MAP3K5 and inflammatory bowel disease: Many in vitro studies have proven that PF possesses anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects and can be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis.[8,9] Although the precise mechanism of action has not been clearly elucidated, PF was shown to induce the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a negative regulator, thereby inhibiting the biological activity of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and effectively alleviating postoperative pain.