Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, which is related to bone formation, has been reported a significant association with AIS at locus Bsml rs1544410 and Apal rs7975232.[10] Meanwhile, another review only approved the result in Bsml but rejected the conclusion in Apal.[11] Estrogen receptor (ESR) gene is believed to be related to growth and maturation. Here, ESR1 is linked to androgen insensitivity syndrome.