The protein levels of NAFLD-related genes, such as FAS, CPT-1α, PPARα, and SREBP-1, were measured, and the results demonstrated that the levels of these markers in the three FFA-treated groups did not differ significantly from those in the FFA-free group, and no significant differences were observed between the three FFA-treated groups (Figures 6(b)–6(d)). Here, PPARA is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.