To ascertain whether other islet proteins related to pathogenesis of human diabetes could support structural similarity to A1AT and HSPs as did the main islet protein epitopes, we considered the epitopes identified in ZnT826,37, IGRP38, UCN337, ISL-137 as well as the immunogenic peptide (DRiP) derived from an alternative open reading frame within the human insulin mRNA with the capacity to sustain autoimmunity in clinical diabetes39. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINA1 and diabetes mellitus.