IFNA1 and coinfection: Thus from these results, we hypothesize that PEDV and PDCoV co-infection might have a synergistic effect similar to co-infection of another swine viruses such as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), swine influenza virus (SIV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) leading to IFN and proinflammatory cytokine changes59–61.