Glypicans are known to regulate BMP signaling44 and specifically GPC-1 and BMP expression are correlated in certain cancers like adenocarcinoma45, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), where GPC-1 binds growth factors to facilitate their assembly for enhanced signaling in MAPK, among others46 and knockdown of GPC-1 decreased growth of ESCC cells and induced apoptosis via inhibition of MAPK signaling pathways in vitro47. Here, GPC1 is linked to cancer.