Although human AFSCs have not been used in T1D clinical trials, non-genetically engineered AFSCs have been reported to protect β cell from damage and promote β cell regeneration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice via activation of the insulin receptor/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression [97]. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.