CCL3 and viral infectious disease: Figure 3A shows the difference in expression of both cytokines and chemokines in influenza A and B patients compared to the control group. Several chemokines, such as IP-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and MIP-1α, have the potential to recruit and activate leukocytes in response to viral infections. Compared with healthy donors, the serum level of IP-10 was significantly higher (2100 pg/mL) in influenza A patients compared to the influenza B patients (1500 pg/mL) (Figure 3B).