TNF and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Figure 3D shows reduced immune cell infiltration in the prostate of BPH-induced mice after GV1001 treatment. Indeed, the anti-inflammatory effects of GV1001 have been reported in IRI mice and in Aβ-treated neural stem cells [44, 45]. Moreover, GV1001 inhibited DHT-induced production of inflammation-related factors such as TNF-α in PBMCs (Figure 5). As a result of reduced inflammation, EMT and fibrosis were abrogated after GV1001 treatment. In our previous study, we observed that GV1001 reduced tumor size by decreasing fibrotic lesions in mice bearing pancreatic tumors [18].