showed that the expression of Relish and Cactus regulates infection prevalence and intensity, highlighting the importance of the IMD and Toll pathways in anti-parasitic immune responses in vectors (Meister et al., 2005; Frolet et al., 2006; Hu and Aksoy, 2006; Antonova et al., 2009; Louradour et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and infection.