As expected, IL-18 treatment effectively restored alcohol-declined ileal IFN-γ levels (Figure 8B), without affecting the levels of IL-22 (AF 21.66 ± 11.66 pg/mg vs. AF+IL-18 10.13 ± 4.54 pg/mg, p = 0.084, compared to PF 59.47 ± 9.46 pg/mg, p < 0.001) which is known to be decreased by alcohol and could protect against ALD (Ki et al., 2010; Hendrikx et al., 2019). Here, IL22 is linked to atrial fibrillation.