Spermine oxidase is an FAD-dependent enzyme that oxidizes spermine and is generally important for the catabolism of polyamines in mammals.122 The oxidative products of spermine oxidase activity are spermidine, the reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, and the aldehyde, 3-aminopropanal, each with the potential to produce cellular damage and aggravate pathogenesis.123 With Bfr, activation of the host’s spermine oxidase can occur, which, in turn, generates hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species that contribute to DNA damage, increasing the prevalence of cancer.124,125. Here, SMOX is linked to cancer.