TNF and infectious otitis media: 2010; Park and Kim 2018). To address this question, we measured MPO, ROS, and various cytokines in the colonic tissues of AOM/DSS-treated mice to assess the extent of intestinal inflammation. The results showed that the levels of MPO, ROS, and the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were all elevated in the colonic tissues of AOM/DSS-treated mice compared with the controls, indicating the occurrence of obvious intestinal inflammation. In contrast, tanshinone IIA cotreatment exhibited a suppressive effect on these indices (Figure 4).