HLA-DPA1 and cancer: Interestingly, many genes associated with PD-1/PD-L1 cancer immunotherapy (i.e., B2M, HLA-B, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DQA1, and HLA-DRA) were significantly downregulated, whereas FANCB (involved in the DNA damage response) was significantly upregulated, suggesting that PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors may be a treatment option for NMIBC patients with the EP subtype.