TGFB1 and cancer: TGFβ stands out as a master regulator of cancer EMT, and the canonical TGFβ-SMAD pathway plays a key role in the EMT program in cooperation with other signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT, ERK/MAPK, PAR6, ras homolog family member A (RHOA), and Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) [16,17].