ATF4 and infection: Moreover, ATF4, CHOP, and CHAC1 expression were down-regulated after treatment with JNK and p38 inhibitors in Ms_Rv0580c infected THP-1 macrophages, as compared to Ms_pNIT infected THP-1 macrophages, at 24 h post-infection, while, after treatment with the NF-κB inhibitor, the expression of ER stress marker genes was unaffected (Figure 5F–H).