Following the issuing of a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) black box warning in 2009 for the use of TNF inhibitors and the risk of developing NHL (based on limited data), a nested case–control study within a retrospective cohort of adult patients with rheumatologic conditions (RA, PsA or AS), drawn from a US commercial health insurance database, was undertaken to fully assess any potential risk [159]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.