There are three main immune escape mechanisms: (1) loss of antigenicity—tumor cells increase defects in antigen processing and presentation machinery resulting in lower presentation of antigens to immune cells; (2) loss of immunogenicity—tumor cells produce low levels of immunogenic tumor antigens and high levels of immunosuppressive ligands (e.g., PD-L1); and (3) creating an immunosuppressive TME—tumor cells transform to cause alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to increase inflammation and recruitment of pro-tumor immune cells in TME. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.