Age, gender, ethnicity, calendar year, duration of diabetes, deprivation, smoking, use of anticoagulants, thiazides, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin 2 blockers, calcium channel blockers, statins, aspirin, blindness, hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, severe kidney failure, hypertension, CVD, atrial fibrillation, nephropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, valvular heart disease, PVD, BMI, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, creatinine, cholesterol:HDL ratio, each of the other diabetes drugs. This evidence concerns the gene ACE and atrial fibrillation.