We observed that CD4+ and CD8+ T cell clusters in tumour samples had widespread overexpression of exhaustion markers (LAG3, TIGIT, PDCD1, HAVCR2, and CTLA4) and effector molecules (GZMB, GZMK, INFG, NKG7, GNLY, and IL2; Supplementary Fig. 2b), with remarkably high expression of the proliferative signatures for CD8_C10_MKI67 and Treg_C3_MKI67 (Supplementary Fig. 2c and Supplementary Data 3). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.