INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Probiotics represented by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium could improve the intestinal flora and intestinal mucosal integrity, stimulate the feeling of satiety, reduce lipopolysaccharide levels, stimulate insulin signal transduction, reduce blood lipids and cholesterol, increase the production of short chain fatty acid and down-regulate the inflammatory signals to alleviate obesity [28–32].