In order to determine selective functions of JNK1 and JNK2 in pancreatic cancer cells, MIA PaCa-2, with highest JNK activity and high levels of JNK1 and 2 protein, as well as PANC-1, with high JNK expression but lacking response to pharmacological JNK targeting, were used (Fig. 1A). Here, MAPK8 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.