GDF15 and neoplasm: On the other hand, it has been reported that STMN1 is post-transcriptionally regulated by miRNAs, such as miR-101,35 miR-34a,36,37 miR-193b38 miR-493 (ref. 39) and miR-223.40,41 STMN1 is inhibited by miR-34a and induces expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in prostate cancer cells, which finally promotes cell proliferation and invasion.37 In our previous study, we also demonstrated that STMN1 is a direct target of tumor suppressive miR-101 in LIHC cells.42