The association Se and PDRN more efficiently blunted the increase in caspase-1 and IL-1β expression, thus demonstrating a greater effect than Se and PDRN alone in reducing the downstream products of the NLRP3 (p < 0.0001 versus varicocele alone; p < 0.0001 versus varicocele + Se; p < 0.0001 versus varicocele + PDRN; Figure 1b,c). Here, CASP1 is linked to varicocele.