Butyrate may accelerate RCT and thus preventing atherosclerosis development, by activating ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 (ABCA1) expression, that promotes cholesterol efflux to lipid-free/poor apolipoprotein A–I, both in liver and in plaque (peripheral macrophages), via a specificity protein 1 (Sp1) pathway, as shown in HFD-induced Apolipoprotein E deficiency (ApoE-/-) mice model [140]. Here, SP1 is linked to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.