Consistent with a role in repression of apoptotic pathways and activation of growth and metastasis, CtBP is upregulated in a number of cancer tissues including colorectal cancer (15), melanoma (16), metastatic prostate cancer (17), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (18), ovarian cancer (19), and breast cancer (20, 21). This evidence concerns the gene CTBP1 and breast carcinoma.