NFKB1 and chronic kidney disease: CKD‐induced NF‐κB activation, increased expression of proinflammatory SASP factors such as interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and a profibrotic phenotype with increased expression of collagen I and fibronectin were significantly attenuated by metformin treatment as shown in Figure 2a,c.